November 23, 2025 Christ the King Sunday

We had another visitor this week at church, and I was so glad so many of you were there. What a witness to our community is your presence! And what an encouragement and support to each other—it is good to be in the house of the Lord with the fellow members of the body of Christ.

All of which is not to say that I am offering you a guilt trip if you were not there. I trust that each of you makes what decision you can given your own circumstances, and we pray for those of you who watch online or who are traveling, and you are loved.

I do hope, though, that all of us know that when we can attend worship, our presence is a witness and an encouragement to the other members of this community, as well as to people who visit our church, and who are hoping to find a church home.

It is also simply good to participate in worship, because worship is more than an abstract acknowledgement of the God whom we love and serve. Worship is focusing our time and attention on God, and in that very time and attention, and in the words that we say and sing together and meditate on, worship is also formation, shaping us into the people God has called us to be.

November 16, 2025 Twenty-third Sunday After Pentecost

As I was reading the Christian Century earlier this week, I came across an article about a specific Eastern Orthodox icon of Christ called Christ Pantocrator, which is an icon of Christ as omniscient and as the “almighty ruler and judge of all humanity.” I don’t know very much about the Eastern Church—only the broadest strokes, really. But curiosity can lead interesting places, so I read on.

The author of the article, Arthur Aghajanian, acknowledges that the idea of Christ as judge makes most modern people pretty uncomfortable—even if they’re Christian. Most of our ideas about being observed come from cameras, especially those installed or used by a government. We Americans worry about those cameras, and about privacy, and sometimes those cameras make us defensive. And this defensiveness can transfer to our sense of God always being aware of us. As Aghajanian says, “No wonder the medieval embrace of divine omniscience seems so alien to us.”

But this sense of defensiveness and that watchfulness is hostile has not always been the case. Aghajanian again: “for early Christians, the ever-watchful gaze of God was not an intrusion; it was a guiding presence that gave life meaning and direction.” In other words, the idea that you and I are and always have been in God’s view can also be felt as a comfort and a steadying presence.

But Aghajanian points out something else as well, about how we process the reality of always being observed electronically: “we don’t tremble or cry out against the faceless judgment of the digital age, because it asks for nothing.” I think he may be missing here all of the ways our data is used for political ends and for profit, but even so, he’s right about this: we feel we can opt out of what is offered in the product of data surveillance. But a person who knows God also knows that God is one from whom we can’t simply turn off the machine in order to retreat.

But hopefully a person who knows God also knows that in that constant presence there is much more than any human enterprise can offer us:

“Unlike the cold calculus of surveillance, divine judgment is not mere observation. The Pantocrator’s gaze unsettles not because it’s oppressive but because it’s intimate. We might attempt to keep God at a distance, safely divided, but the truth is neither so simple nor so comfortable. The One who walked among us, who overturned tables and wept at tombs, is the same who called forth light and set the cosmos in motion.

“To behold Christ Pantocrator is to become aware that love judges—not to condemn but to make whole. The question is no longer whether we are being watched. Every day, we submit to invisible gazes. The question is whether we will recognize the one gaze that truly sees us.”

There is such a thing as judgment, and even if we’re not comfortable when it’s directed at us, we likely know of cases where we want someone to rule something out of order and unacceptable. The genocide in Rwanda. Abuse of children. Stealing money from vulnerable older persons.

God does know everything, and we depend on that because we depend on God making things right, in God’s good time. And we depend on that, because in the end we need God to make us right, to heal us and to redeem the world from the damage we’ve inflicted, both on the world and on each other.

November 9, 2025 Twenty-second Sunday After Pentecost

Here at McKnight, for the past two Thursdays, we were privileged to host the Rev. Dr. Ken Woo, professor of Christian history, who came to talk to us about the Nicene Creed and the Council of Nicaea that wrote it. We learned together the history of the questions that the church was debating together at that time, 1700 years ago, and how at its root the Council was trying to discern together how to talk about Jesus and God, given our New Testament scriptures.

We also learned something about the context of those questions, and about Emperor Constantine’s role in pulling the Council together. Constantine’s interest was more about peace in the empire than about questions of faith or scripture, but he had a role to play nonetheless—and from this secular interest came a witness that continues to be important in the church almost 2000 years later.

I heard more than one person say, after both sessions were over, that what we talked about was “mind-blowing.” And it can be—to know that many of the things we now consider obvious were once in question. But the longevity of the outcome tells us that the church in that moment, with God’s help, came together and saw something that God wanted us to see.

And I also think it’s important to see the church as often and throughout history wrestling with questions. We are not the first to wonder how to understand certain Scriptures, or how to live them out in our own context. This kind of wrestling is exactly what the church is to do together (although of course it is not the only thing we are to do together!). We are to listen and to try to understand God’s word together, as well as how to live it out, and this is not always an easy task—which is one of the reasons why it is so important that we come together, in worship and in study, to talk about these things together. Other people’s insights—as well as other people’s questions—can lead us to think with more breadth or depth, even if we don’t necessarily all agree on every point.

November 2, 2025 All Saints Sunday

As we get deeper into Fall, our planning begins for next year.  Some of you heard Bob Moore’s presentation on Sunday about our current financial outlook, which is what Bob called “a great success” for the second year running.  We’ve reprinted that report for you in this newsletter, so you can see the highlights—there’s some really good news there, and some evidence of good ministry and good stewardship of our resources.   

Also given the season, please consider getting Flu and/or Covid shots this season, whether for you or for the vulnerable ones in our church community.  We do have people in our congregation whose immune systems have been negatively affected by medical treatments, and as Christians concerned for each other and for all of our neighbors, we can consider immunization an act of love.  I was at first reluctant to say anything on this topic, wondering what the fallout might be of writing on it, but then I learned that President Trump had both vaccines at his annual check-up a few weeks ago.  So while there may be different opinions about vaccination, it cannot be called simply a “political” issue.  Please know that I wish only the best for you and for this community, and that you are always free to follow your conscience. 

As we come to the end of the calendar year, we are also planning the next stages of our McKnight Caring activities.  I still have all the sheets that were filled out for us about these ministry possibilities, and am planning to use that feedback in our planning, but if you have a fresh idea or a new opinion, your input is still very welcome.  The papers with our ideas remain on the counter in the narthex for you to look at, but you can also contact me directly if you prefer. 

October 26, 2025 Twentieth Sunday After Pentecost

One of my most loved forms of prayer is one I learned from my pastoral care professor in seminary.  Essentially, I set a timer for 10-15 minutes, depending on the day, and then I simply sit, usually looking out the window—observing the command to “Be still, and know that I am God” (Psalm 46:10).  It is a different kind of prayer than I had learned before seminary—rather than always forming words, for this I simply rest in the presence of God.  The timer is necessary for me because I am often restless, and I feel the call of the many tasks that await my attention.  That 10–15-minute timer helps to set me free from my task list, giving me permission to simply rest in God’s presence.  Nearly everything can wait 15 minutes.  And when I find my mind wandering, I just quietly remind myself, to “be still, and know” that God is God.  

This morning, as I observed this practice sitting in my office, I was watching the trees outside the window, moving in the wind.  There are different tree shapes and different leaf shapes, and the various kinds move differently in the wind.  I could see the complexity and the constant variation of the air currents in those different movements outside my window.  I could see different shades of green, and in contrast, some of yellow.  There were sometimes single leaves blowing through the air, some floating, some tumbling.  It reminded me—a necessary reminder in times of stress or worry about the world—of the vastness and complexity of God’s creation. 

It all made me think of Job 38:4-7, in which we find God speaking directly to Job:

“Where were you when I laid the foundation of the earth?
    Tell me, if you have understanding.
Who determined its measurements—surely you know!
    Or who stretched the line upon it?
On what were its bases sunk,
    or who laid its cornerstone
when the morning stars sang together
    and all the heavenly beings shouted for joy? 

It is good, sometimes, simply to be amazed—to be awed, to be drawn into wonder with our Lord.  It is good to see both a wider picture and the details of God’s work, and to see that work continuing in the world.  It is good simply to be reminded of how great our God is.  I wish you some wonder and some awe as you go about your week, that you might know that God is God. 

October 19, 2025 Nineteenth Sunday After Pentecost

As some of you may know, I celebrated my first wedding last week, co-officiating with the groom’s father—it was such a delight to see our beautiful sanctuary used for a young couple’s wedding!  They’re from outside our church; she’s a nurse and he’s an engineer, and we wish them all the blessings in their new life together. 

An important upcoming event here at McKnight:  as you know, this year is the 1700th anniversary of the Council of Nicaea—from which we get our Nicene Creed.  I am very happy to tell you that the Rev. Dr. Ken Woo, a professor of church history at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, is going to run a 2-session class talking about the Nicene Creed and the council itself, and helping us to understand what was so important about that time.  In light of Dr. Woo’s availability, we’ll have the classes on Thursday October 23rd and Thursday October 30th, both at 7:00 p.m. in the fellowship hall.  I hope you can come—this is a great opportunity!  

In light of these classes, we will delay the start of our Psalms Bible study by two weeks, so we will begin regular Bible study on November 4th.  And speaking of weekly studies, thank you to everyone who read the book While the World Watched for our book study, whether or not you were able to attend the discussions!  The book revealed much about both the realities and the consequences of living during the Civil Rights era, and is well worth reading.  As soon as I am done with the study at Epworth (which started later than the one here), I will be putting my copy into the church library so that anyone who missed it can still read it. 

October 12, 2025 Eighteenth Sunday After Pentecost

I was reading an article this morning about how to measure vitality in small to mid-sized churches.  In the article, Dr. Lewis Parks suggests that even in an often fast-changing context, there are five markers of a vital church: 

1.       The congregation maintains vital worship of God. 

2.       The congregation is a surrogate family.

3.       The congregation is a blessing to the community where it finds itself. 

4.       The congregation maintains its space for holy space and mission. 

5.       The congregation passes its faith to the coming generations.[1] 

Regarding the first criteria, we can certainly attest to vital worship at McKnight.  We don’t have a flashy band or a fog machine, but we come together on Sunday mornings to offer our praise and prayers and thanksgiving to our God, and we think about our Scriptures together faithfully, and reflect on our faith and our lives. 

Regarding the second point, I have mixed feelings about the term “surrogate family,” because I know that for too many people “family” is a complicated term, but “community” can sometimes sound too big or too distant.  The point, though, still holds, that people are seeking “a place to be known by name, to share their hearts and their resources, and to be enveloped in the warmth of family-like ties,” and repeatedly, I have heard from visitors that our congregation offers warmth and welcome.  And I believe you all can attest to the comfort of having a community in which you can find support and love and prayer. 

For the third point, we have multiple ministries in our community.  From feeding programs to the Mission Barn projects to coffee for the homeless, along with several other ministries, we participate in our community in multiple ways.  For the fourth, we have a beautifully maintained facility, thanks to the faithful service of our trustees and council.  Consistent attention is given to anticipating the upcoming needs of the facility. 

And for the fifth criteria, about passing on the faith, we may not have the biggest program, but we do faithfully work to pass the faith on to our youth and to the young people in our community:  with our church school, in offering opportunities for service and participation in worship, and with our VBS. 

[1] https://www.churchleadership.com/to-the-point/point-new-way-view-small-church-vitality/#prettyPhoto

October 5, 2025 Seventeenth Sunday After Pentecost

First of all, thank you to all of you who worked at and/or attended the Thrive Refugee dinner Sunday night—it was a wonderful success!  We were sold out well ahead of the event, and it was wonderful to see our tables so full and so many people encountering not only the refugee family in question, but also our own church.  We are now “on the map” for a whole new group of people! 

At the same time, we had some good food, and we also learned a little about Guatemalan culture, about different kinds of refugees, and a little bit more about being a neighbor to someone in need.  And many of us saw, even if in small increments, the amount of work that the family in question put into this dinner.  It was two full days of cooking to prepare for that many people, and even with help, that’s a great deal of work.  We thank them for their willingness to share with us for our own education.

Second, please be aware that our book club dates have shifted back by one week, and we are meeting at 6:00 to better accommodate the people who have been attending. 

September 28, 2025 Sixteenth Sunday After Pentecost

In the many uncertainties of our time, one thing is very clear:  we are seeing fractures everywhere.  Between family members, between neighbors, between community members—and certainly all over the country at this particular moment.  The last is painfully visible to us all right now.  This tendency to fracture matters for us Christians, and specifically for us Christians here at McKnight, because we have been called into this community.  We are called by God to be the body of Christ. 

In order to remain together as a called community—as we are told to do, again and again in the New Testament—and also in order to be Christian participants in the discussions in our wider communities, we will need to think about how we handle disagreement and conflict.  Because we are always imperfect and finite people, and we are always still learning, and still listening.  And because disagreements will happen. 

So I was delighted to find in my email this morning the following excerpt from Kate Bowler’s conversation with Dr. Becky Kennedy:  “Repair is the most important thing. You don’t have to get it all right. You just have to be willing to go back, acknowledge the rupture, and choose connection again.”  Dr. Kennedy is talking about parenting, specifically, but the ideas still apply to us in our community. 

Kate Bowler follows up:  “Repair is never simple. It’s tender, humbling work. But it is also what keeps us human—and what keeps us the Church. You don’t have to have the perfect words or the flawless strategy. You just have to stay connected.  No perfect reconciliation. No story tied up neatly with a bow. But the faithful practice of choosing connection—again and again and again.” 

September 21, 2025 Fifteenth Sunday After Pentecost

This week I have been working on reports for our annual Charge Conference, and I want to say … we have been busy at McKnight UMC!  Our participation in multiple concerns continues steadily, including the North Side Feeding Program, Victims of Domestic Violence, Global Links, Lions Club, and the North Hills Community Outreach, particularly the Millville Food Pantry.  We continue to support the preschool with our visits, with low rent, with love gifts such as Halloween, Easter, and Christmas treats, as well as with our participation in their graduation each year.  This summer, we had a successful Wild Wonder VBS, drawing from the neighborhood as well as from the preschool. 

Additionally, we have begun our McKnight Caring program.  Our first quarter of the program was “Caring for our World,” and included that science-based VBS (Wild Wonder), an e-cycle event, a visit from Michael Airgood who spoke to us about the current situation in Ukraine, and we have started our anti-racism book study, While the World Watched, by Carolyn Maull McKinstry (meeting Tuesdays at 7:00 p.m.—we’d love for you to join us!). 

We move now into our “Caring for the Community” part of the McKnight Caring plan, looking more locally.  Knowing that this church has a long history with Church Union/Bethany House, I have been in discussion with Rev. Larry Homitsky of Church Union, and he is planning to speak to Council on the 8th of October and to our congregation during a worship service afterward, date TBD.  Later in October, we are planning to participate in the McKnight Village Halloween festivities, which include both a parade on October 25th at 11:00 a.m. and trick-or-treating on the night of Halloween (please email if you can participate!). 

September 14, 2025 Fourteenth Sunday After Pentecost

As we enter fall in earnest, things really are ramping up here at McKnight!  I’m looking forward to the beginning of our book club, which starts Tuesday the 16th, and I’ve noticed that (as planned) we have two books left on the counter, because I ordered a couple extra.  If you have asked for a book but not picked it up, please let me know as soon as possible, so I can put a post-it with your name on your copy.  If we don’t hear from anyone, we’ll assume that all “orders” are now fulfilled and that the books are free to anyone else on Sunday.  (And here’s your gentle reminder that the book is also in our library system, and it’s really easy to reserve a book online now—and then all you have to do is go to your local front desk to pick it up!)

We’re also well into preparations for our refugee dinner—many thanks to all who have signed up to help and to everyone who has purchased tickets!  I’m really looking forward to this time of good food and fellowship together, and to learning more about the situation of some of the refugees who have been settled in Pittsburgh. 

And of course, the students are back at the preschool as well—it is so good to hear their laughter and their play when they come outside for playground time!  I invite you to keep the students and the families and the teachers all in your prayers. 

September 7, 2025 Thirteenth Sunday After Pentecost

I was delighted to see that our books, While the World Watched, (finally) arrived today!  I ordered one for everyone who asked, plus two extras, and I’ll have them ready this Sunday.  Our local public libraries have copies as well.  You are welcome simply to read them on your own, but if you’ll be joining us for discussion, we will be meeting four Tuesday evenings at 7:00 p.m.:  the 16th, 23rd, and 30th of this month, and the 7th of October.  These meetings will be in place of our usual Bible Study, which will begin again on October 14th.   

If you’re joining us, the schedule is as follows: 

            For the 16th:  chapters 1-6

            For the 23rd:  chapters 7-12

            For the 30th:  chapters 13-18

            For the 7th:  chapters 19 through the end of the book (5 chapters)

Let me know if you would like me to set up a Zoom link; otherwise, I will assume that everyone wants to meet in person. 

October 14th will begin our study of the Psalms, which you might think of as the hymnbook of the Bible.  The Psalms have been important throughout both Christian and Jewish history.  They are acts of prayer and worship, and they include celebration and praise and petition and lament.  They cover the spectrum of human life, and they bring it all—and I do mean all—before God.  I am looking forward to studying them with you! 

Also, please remember to buy your tickets for the THRIVE dinner, either online or this Sunday, as after the 8th of this month we will open up sales to the community.  You can also follow the volunteer link to help out with set-up or cooking either Saturday or Sunday, or with clean-up on Sunday. 

August 31, 2025 Twelfth Sunday After Pentecost

As we gear up for a new year of ministry (in the sense that things are starting up again after a summer hiatus), I’m excited about some upcoming ministries.  I’m particularly excited about our THRIVE dinner coming up on September 28th.  Elsewhere in the newsletter, you’ll find more specifics, as well as some opportunities to volunteer.  We are looking forward to eating some authentic Guatemalan food together, as well as to learning more about the culture and the migration process!

We also anticipate our new, one-time book club on Carolyn Maul McKinstry’s While the World Watched.  Next week I’ll set up a reading and meeting schedule for you, but on Sunday book copies will be available to those of you who ordered ahead.  If you did not order ahead, I do have a few extras, so just ask on Sunday, and the local library system also has the book. 

August 17, 2025 Tenth Sunday After Pentecost

For this week’s pastor’s letter, I’d like to share with you the new vision statement for the entire United Methodist Church, from our Council of Bishops:

The Council of Bishops, in conjunction with the Connectional Table, is pleased to announce the unveiling of a new vision statement for The United Methodist Church. This vision reflects the Church's deep commitment to embodying God's dream for the world.

The vision states:

The United Methodist Church forms disciples of Jesus Christ who, empowered by the Holy Spirit, love boldly, serve joyfully, and lead courageously in local communities and worldwide connections.

This vision statement complements the Church's longstanding mission statement, inspired by Matthew 28:1-20: "The mission of The United Methodist Church is to make disciples of Jesus Christ for the transformation of the world."

The vision encourages United Methodists to embody the following principles:

•         Love Boldly: Passionately love God and, like Jesus, embrace and include people of every age, nation, race, gender and walk of life.

◦         Inspired by Matthew 22:37-39 and John 13:34-35

•         Serve Joyfully: With a Christ-like heart, journey alongside the most vulnerable, offering care and compassion with joy.

◦         Inspired by Psalm 100:1, Nehemiah 8:10, John 13:14-15 and 1 Peter 4:10

•         Lead Courageously: Follow Jesus’ example by resisting and dismantling all systems of evil, injustice, and oppression, striving for peace, justice and reconciliation.

◦         Inspired by Joshua 1:9 and Ephesians 6:10

“This new vision is not simply a statement or a plan, it is a catalyst for transformation,” said Bishop Tracy Smith Malone, President of the Council of Bishops. “It is a vision that will help the Church embrace the opportunities before us, to follow where God is leading us, and to more fully engage in our mission of making disciples of Jesus Christ for the transformation of the world.”

The Council of Bishops and the Connectional Table will work with General Agencies to create resources that inspire and equip disciples, leaders, and congregations to live into this vision. Resources will be shared at Annual Conference sessions and with leaders within local churches this summer, with lay member resources anticipated to follow in late 2025/early 2026.[1]

August 10, 2025 Ninth Sunday After Pentecost

Yesterday I had my annual meeting with our District Superintendent, the Rev. Paul Ritchey.  The meeting is designed as a check-in:  we go over the evaluation forms from SPRC, he asks if I have any particular concerns, either personally or for my churches, and then what he can do for me.  The meeting went well, and as is my habit, I took notes.  I wanted to share with you something Paul mentioned in the course of our discussion, and that is the question “What do you do to get ready for worship?” 

As a pastor now, I start my Sundays with prayer and a short Bible study.  I give all of that work I’ve done during the week, in preparation for Sunday morning, to God, and ask that God receives that gift.  No pastor feels more human and more humbled than on Sunday morning—hoping to offer to God and to the people something that touches on God, that invites people to worship, that invites us into a deeper consideration of Scripture and of our relationship to the One who loves us.  So my prayer time is important:  I give that morning to God, knowing how very human I am. 

When I was a layperson, the question would have surprised me completely.  I would have been thinking, “I get dressed and ready, I marshal the kids, and I go to church.”  But having heard Paul’s question (originally asked by David Jeremiah), I wonder now what “getting ready” for worship might look like.  Do I quiet my soul—spend 10 minutes in nature, listening to God’s creation?  Do I still do my daily Bible study?  As a pastor now, I can tell you that your pastors present and future would be very happy to be included in a simple prayer that morning! 

So I ask you now:  what do you do to get ready for worship? 

August 3, 2025 Eighth Sunday After Pentecost

As I write this, we’ve completed two days of vacation Bible school, and while it’s hard work, it’s also good work.  The kids are learning two songs about wonder, they’ve heard some of Psalm 104 and are memorizing the 24th verse, and they are getting plenty of love and crafts and outside time.  Oh, and did I say the volunteers are amazing?  The preschool teachers are all pitching in, as are some church members, and we’re working together to make this a great time for the kids.  

I don’t mind admitting to you that while I have kids of my own, the idea of teaching a roomful of other people’s kids is a little scary for me, so I’m happy to see it going so well.  Much of this is due to the many volunteers, especially Carla, who has contributed her expertise from the very beginning of the planning stages.  I am very thankful for the many gifts of all the people who have and are contributing! 

July 27, 2025 Seventh Sunday After Pentecost

Pastor Becky is on vacation this week. Please give a warm welcome to Rev. Dr. Edwin Chr. van Driel this Sunday as he fills in for Pastor Becky!

The Rev. Dr. Edwin Chr. van Driel occupies the Directors’ Bicentennial Chair in Theology at Pittsburgh Theological Seminary. He teaches mainly in Christology, ecclesiology, and the interaction between Biblical studies and theology. Van Driel is deeply invested in helping the church think about its existence and calling as it moves into an increasingly post-Christian world.

Van Driel is the author of Rethinking Paul: Protestant Theology and Pauline Exegesis (Cambridge University Press, 2021) and Incarnation Anyway: Arguments for Supralapsarian Christology (Oxford University Press, 2008). He also edited What Is Jesus Doing? Divine Agency in the Life of the Church and the Work of the Pastor (IVP Academic, 2019) and the T&T Clark Handbook of Election (forthcoming from Continuum). His work has been published in academic journals such as Modern Theology, The International Journal of Systematic Theology, Worship, and The Scottish Journal of Theology, but also in popular magazines such as Christian Century, Call to Worship, and The Presbyterian Outlook.

To continue reading more about Rev. Dr. Edwin Chr. van Driel, click the link below or visit https://guides.pts.edu/facultyseries/creachandvandriel

July 20, 2025 Sixth Sunday After Pentecost

Monday, Tuesday, and Wednesday of this week I have been at a writing retreat, working on my final set of ordination papers.  It’s a tough but interesting set of questions, and I hope you’ll give me grace on the letter this week as I need to focus there. 

Please also pray for our VBS.  We have a good number of kids and a good number of volunteers, and even though this is my first time running a VBS, we are looking forward to a good week!

July 13, 2025 Fifth Sunday After Pentecost

As we come together each week for worship, what are we doing? You might be surprised at how many different “obvious” answers people can come up with in response to that question. For instance, we are making space in our lives to pay attention to God. We come to offer our lives and our joys, and our concerns. We come to spend time with one another, to remember ourselves as part of the Body of Christ, and to check in with each other about concerns and needs and our lives in general.

All of those things are true, and there are many more good answers besides. But the specific one I want to consider in this letter is this one, by Ellen Davis: “Worship is a vigorous act of reordering our desires in the light of God’s burning desire for the wellness of all creation.”

Ellen Davis is a professor of Old Testament at Duke Divinity School, and she points to the many places in the Old Testament where God is at work, creating, healing, and renewing. Many of us are more familiar with the New Testament—where we can also see places where God (in this case Jesus) is at work, healing and renewing. And we know that all that Jesus did for us, on the cross and in the resurrection, was done to bring us back into a place of healed relationship with God.

But why does Davis call worship a “vigorous act”? She is pointing out that worship is not something we consume, and it’s not something we watch—it is something we participate in. As we were taught early in seminary, “liturgy” means “work of the people.” And our participation affects us.